Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) is a common viral infection in cats worldwide, with many cats becoming infected during their lifetime. It is caused by the pathogen feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1). The pathogen FHV-1, as compared with other herpes viruses, is species-specific and only infects domestic and wild cats. 

Feline herpesvirus type-1 affects the upper respiratory tract and ocular tissues, causing feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR).

Feline herpes is highly contagious among cats of all ages. However, young and immunocompromised cats are more vulnerable to feline herpes infection. 

How it Spreads

Cat herpes spreads through contaminated saliva, as well as ocular and nasal discharge from infected cats. Transmission occurs when a healthy cat comes into direct contact with an infected cat. It can also spread indirectly through contaminated objects (fomites) carrying viral particles.

Cats may begin shedding the virus during the early stages of infection. Therefore, prompt veterinary care is important.

Moreover, cats in multi-cat environments, such as households, shelters, rescues, and catteries, are at higher risk of infection. Outdoor cats and community cats are also more likely to become infected through contact with affected cats.

Who is at higher risk: Cats at the highest risk of severe feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) infection include those with immature or weakened immune systems and those in crowded environments. 

Latently infected queens may shed virus during stress (including pregnancy), potentially exposing kittens. Moreover, unvaccinated and stressed cats are also vulnerable to feline herpesvirus. Cats that live in a community or outdoors are also at a higher risk of catching the infection. 

Disease severity is influenced by age, immune status, and environment, with poor sanitation and overcrowding significantly increasing transmission risk.

FHV Symptoms in Cats

Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) commonly infects cats, often in combination with feline calicivirus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Chlamydia felis.

The FHV infection results in acute symptoms affecting the respiratory tract, eyes, and skin.

Common feline herpes symptoms can be observed in the affected areas.

Affected Respiratory Tract

• Sneezing 
• Nasal discharge 
• Excessive drooling 
• Sore throat
• Lethargy/tiredness  
• Loss of appetite 
• High temperature (fever) 
• Coughing

Affected Eyes

• Discharge from the eyes 
• Conjunctivitis 
• Corneal ulcers
• Frequent blinking

Affected Skin

• Skin inflammation 
• Ulceration, scabs, and hair loss  

FHV-1 appears to be highly contagious in kittens and less severe in older cats. 

Symptoms in people: Feline herpesvirus is not zoonotic, thus it does not affect humans.